[C#]泛型中的强制类型转换

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
using System.Collections;
static class VarianceWorkaround
{
// Simple workaround for single method
// Variance in one direction only
public static void Add<S, D>(List<S> source, List<D> destination)
where S : D
{
foreach (S sourceElement in source)
{
destination.Add(sourceElement);
}
}
// Workaround for interface
// Variance in one direction only so type expressinos are natural
public static IEnumerable<D> Convert<S, D>(IEnumerable<S> source)
where S : D
{
return new EnumerableWrapper<S, D>(source);
}
private class EnumerableWrapper<S, D> : IEnumerable<D>
where S : D
{
public EnumerableWrapper(IEnumerable<S> source)
{
this.source = source;
}
public IEnumerator<D> GetEnumerator()
{
return new EnumeratorWrapper(this.source.GetEnumerator());
}
IEnumerator System.Collections.IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
{
return this.GetEnumerator();
}
private class EnumeratorWrapper : IEnumerator<D>
{
public EnumeratorWrapper(IEnumerator<S> source)
{
this.source = source;
}
private IEnumerator<S> source;
public D Current
{
get { return this.source.Current; }
}
public void Dispose()
{
this.source.Dispose();
}
object IEnumerator.Current
{
get { return this.source.Current; }
}
public bool MoveNext()
{
return this.source.MoveNext();
}
public void Reset()
{
this.source.Reset();
}
}
private IEnumerable<S> source;
}
// Workaround for interface
// Variance in both directions, causes issues
// similar to existing array variance
public static ICollection<D> Convert<S, D>(ICollection<S> source)
where S : D
{
return new CollectionWrapper<S, D>(source);
}
private class CollectionWrapper<S, D>
: EnumerableWrapper<S, D>, ICollection<D>
where S : D
{
public CollectionWrapper(ICollection<S> source)
: base(source)
{
}
// variance going the wrong way ... 
// ... can yield exceptions at runtime
public void Add(D item)
{
if (item is S)
{
this.source.Add((S)item);
}
else
{
throw new Exception(@"Type mismatch exception, due to type hole introduced by variance.");
}
}
public void Clear()
{
this.source.Clear();
}
// variance going the wrong way ... 
// ... but the semantics of the method yields reasonable semantics
public bool Contains(D item)
{
if (item is S)
{
return this.source.Contains((S)item);
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
// variance going the right way ... 
public void CopyTo(D[] array, int arrayIndex)
{
foreach (S src in this.source)
{
array[arrayIndex++] = src;
}
}
public int Count
{
get { return this.source.Count; }
}
public bool IsReadOnly
{
get { return this.source.IsReadOnly; }
}
// variance going the wrong way ... 
// ... but the semantics of the method yields reasonable  semantics
public bool Remove(D item)
{
if (item is S)
{
return this.source.Remove((S)item);
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
private ICollection<S> source;
}
// Workaround for interface
// Variance in both directions, causes issues similar to existing array variance
public static IList<D> Convert<S, D>(IList<S> source)
where S : D
{
return new ListWrapper<S, D>(source);
}
private class ListWrapper<S, D> : CollectionWrapper<S, D>, IList<D>
where S : D
{
public ListWrapper(IList<S> source) : base(source)
{
this.source = source;
}
public int IndexOf(D item)
{
if (item is S)
{
return this.source.IndexOf((S) item);
}
else
{
return -1;
}
}
// variance the wrong way ...
// ... can throw exceptions at runtime
public void Insert(int index, D item)
{
if (item is S)
{
this.source.Insert(index, (S)item);
}
else
{
throw new Exception("Invalid type exception");
}
}
public void RemoveAt(int index)
{
this.source.RemoveAt(index);
}
public D this[int index]
{
get
{
return this.source[index];
}
set
{
if (value is S)
this.source[index] = (S)value;
else
throw new Exception("Invalid type exception.");
}
}
private IList<S> source;
}
}
namespace GenericVariance
{
class Program
{
static void PrintObjects(IEnumerable<object> objects)
{
foreach (object o in objects)
{
Console.WriteLine(o);
}
}
static void AddToObjects(IList<object> objects)
{
// this will fail if the collection provided is a wrapped collection 
objects.Add(new object());
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
List<int> ints = new List<int>();
ints.Add(1);
ints.Add(10);
ints.Add(42);
List<object> objects = new List<object>();
// doesnt compile ints is not a IEnumerable<object>
//objects.AddRange(ints); 
// does compile
VarianceWorkaround.Add<int, object>(ints, objects);
// would like to do this, but cant ...
// ... ints is not an IEnumerable<object>
//PrintObjects(ints);
PrintObjects(VarianceWorkaround.Convert<int, object>(ints));
AddToObjects(objects); // this works fine
AddToObjects(VarianceWorkaround.Convert<int, object>(ints));
}
static void ArrayExample()
{
object[] objects = new string[10];
// no problem, adding a string to a string[]
objects[0] = "hello";
// runtime exception, adding an object to a string[]
objects[1] = new object();
}
}
}